Source notes · added 28 October 2026
Chaim's textile business and a Carei ledger report
Chaim Freund in a contemporary business directory
The Erdélyi és Bánáti Közgazdasági Lexikon (1929), p.217, lists Chaim Freund as a textile merchant in Satu Mare whose firm represented major Czechoslovak textile factories. It gives no family relationships. This adds a contemporary source to the existing business history, not new proof of parentage.
Economic lexicon, printed p.217 / PDF p.296. The editorial cutoff was 30 October 1928. Short factual paraphrase only; no scan or full translation is reproduced. Nearby unnamed Freund firms are not identified as this family.
Yehoshua Freund: a modern report of the Carei communal ledger
In a 2025 article in Alei Zicharon 67, pp.ג-ד, R' Yoel Weinstock reports that the Carei communal ledger names R' Yehoshua Freund ("R' Yehoshua Kroler") alongside R' Menachem Mendel Hendels. The article cites entries of 8 Nisan 5591 and 13 Iyar 5592 and says Yehoshua is also named in 5594.
This is the modern author's report, not an original ledger page inspected here. The nearby reproduced manuscript belongs to a different list; it is not presented here as a photographed Carei ledger entry. The article adds local historical context, not parents, a spouse or a new family-tree link. Its suggestion about Mendel's later move remains a hypothesis, not a proved event for Yehoshua.
Alei Zicharon 67, PDF pp.3-4 / printed ג-ד. Linked article only; no pages reproduced.
Source additions · 28 October 2026
Löw and Freund documentary notes
These are source additions, not five new ancestors. Auction descriptions remain attributed. The existing Likely identification of Shemaya Löw with Samu Löw and Chava Glück is unchanged; no new family edge has been added.
Shemaya Löw letter: Kedem sale 10, lot 431
The catalogue attributes this short letter to R' Shemaya Löw and estimates its date at about 1930. It discusses shechita and meat. The inspected signature reads “Shemaya, son of our teacher Asher, of blessed memory” (שמעיה במו״ה אשר ז״ל). This supports the writer's stated father, not the separate identification with Samu Löw, his wife or children.
Yeshuot Yaakov ownership volume: Moreshet sale 66, lot 257
A copy catalogued as Yeshuot Yaakov, Zolkiew 1835, bears the name Mordechai Yuda and stamps reading M. L. Löw, Ober-Rabbiner, Entradam, Naszod, Siebenbürgen. A flyleaf inscription names Moshe Aryeh Freund and refers to Radna. The inscription alone does not identify which same-named family member wrote it. The faint inheritance inscription was not independently read in full and supplies no proved grandfather link.
Longer Shemaya Löw letter and Yosef Adler response: Winner's listing
The catalogue attributes a longer letter and its response to R' Shemaya Löw and R' Yosef Adler, and dates the letter to 1939. The inspected letter is signed Shemaya, son of Asher. The date remains a catalogue attribution. No uncle-of-Naszod relationship is established by this note.
Edut Shoshanim: contemporary printed letter
The inspected final leaf prints a letter from Mordechai Yehuda Löw, rabbi of Interdam, Naszod and the district. Its closing names his father Yissachar: מרדכי יהודא במו״ה יששכר ז״ל. This is direct printed-source evidence for the writer's stated father, not authenticated handwriting. It does not settle the 1821/1824 birth-year conflict or establish a new connected ancestor on this tree.
Gedulat Mordechai: later compilation, Brooklyn 5753 (1992/93)
Photographs of this compilation, edited by grandson Aharon Eliezer Halevi Deutsch, show a biography and reproduced letters. Printed page 39 calls Mordechai Yehuda Löw a son-in-law of Asher Zelig Hirsch. Letter 8 addresses grandson Shemaya Löw and is dated 20 Sivan 5662. This is the letter date, not proof of the wedding date. The contents list wedding-congratulations letter 61 on page 184; its body was not available in the inspected photographs. These pages do not resolve the Shemaya/Samu/Chava identity or marriage-date question.
Source images are linked at their holders, not reproduced here. Each note separates what was read from the catalogue's attribution and from unresolved family identities.
Kurima register: source support for an existing Stern entry
The 18 March 1866 birth-register row visibly names Samuel Stern and Rachel Seltenreich. The child's name is too faded for a confident independent reading. Joseph Stern is already on this tree with that date and those parents; this source note is not a new person or an independent confirmation of the child-name reading.
Original Kurima register image at FamilySearch. Access may require a FamilySearch sign-in; no register image is copied here.
How we know
Sources
Where the records come from, and how each one is labelled.
How each record is labelled
Confirmed The original record was read and names the person or the fact.
Likely Supported by one good record, a careful index, or several records that agree without one that states it outright.
Possible Fits by name, place and date, but not yet proven; never drawn on the tree as fact.
Labels are never raised on this site beyond what the records support.
About the records
Every fact on this site rests on a record that was read: Jewish and civil registers from Bukovina, Hungary and Slovakia, passenger lists and census sheets from the US National Archives, Brazilian and Palestinian government files, memorial records, cemetery registers, newspapers and the family’s own photographs. Each person’s page lists the records behind it.
Where two records disagree, both values are kept. Grades are never raised by inference. Living family members appear by name and relation only, and Papi and Babi’s descendants are not shown.
Recordings
- 2023 interview (Satu Mare trip) — a family interview with Babi, one recording. Listen.
- Summer 2020 interview — a family interview with Babi, one recording. Listen.
- Oral history interview with Chaya Rosner — interviewed by Brad Zarlin, 2016; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, RG-90.063.1890 (catalogue record). Listen.
Record collections used
- Registers — Waschkoutz (Vășcăuți) Jewish births 1918–1928 (Chernivtsi State Archive; FamilySearch DGS 007807376) · Kurima Jewish register (Slovak church and synagogue books, FamilySearch) · Bártfa (Bardejov) Jewish marriages 1858 · Kisvárda Jewish and civil registers (Hungary civil registration, FamilySearch) · Máramarossziget civil deaths 1902 (Romanian National Archives) · Satu Mare civil registers · Bukovina vital records index (JewishGen) · Czernowitz civil marriages 1919–1924 · Máramarossziget (Sighet) civil births 1900, 1903, 1906, 1908, 1911, 1913 and 1919 and civil marriage 1909 — original page images (Romanian National Archives, Maramureș county service; online catalogue descopera.arhivelenationale.ro) · Czernowitz civil marriages 1919 entry 195 and 1923 act 330 (originals read; FamilySearch films 007813041 and 007813042)
- United States — New York passenger lists (SS Al Sudan 1947; TWA 1947; USNS General M. L. Hersey 1950; USNS General Muir 1951) · US visa card, Vanceboro 1950 (NARA M2071) · Niagara Falls border card 1948 · 1950 US census · NYC marriage index 1951 · US naturalization records (EDNY) · Social Security death index and NUMIDENT
- Brazil — São Paulo foreigners’ registration cards (FamilySearch collection 2140223) · Diário Oficial da União 18 Dec 1959 · Diário Oficial do Estado de São Paulo 1954–1968
- Palestine / Israel — Israel State Archives, citizenship file M-6878/48 · Israeli press notices 1947–1969 (National Library of Israel, Historical Jewish Press) · burial records of Har HaMenuchot, Sheikh Badr, Holon and Makhanayim (public burial databases, cited as records) · The Palestine Gazette, file no. 4617 (“Heros”): No. 1198, 4 Jun 1942; No. 1236, 3 Dec 1942; No. 1255, 18 Mar 1943; No. 1358, 7 Sep 1944 — original printed pages (Israel State Archives)
- Europe after the war — Arolsen Archives — IRO files, DP cards and emigration lists
- Memorial records — Memorial records of victims of the Holocaust (the Hall of Names memorial archive), cited by item number; Satu Mare yizkor book (JewishGen translation); Et La’asot (1969)
- Newspapers and books — Zsidó Ujság, 19 Jan 1934 · Transilvania Yidishe Tsaytung, 1935–36 (Internet Archive) · Erdélyi monográfia (MEK 08857) · Ami Magazine, “The Hiding Place”, 26 Dec 2018 · Beit Viznitz no. 36 (Kislev 5756) · Die Stimme (Tel Aviv) 1967–69 · Sefer Marmarosh · Alei Zikaron · Lechem Shlomo · Egyenlőség (Budapest), 8 Mar 1895, p. 8, “Kisebb Königswarter-eset” (the Freund brothers; identities open) and 30 Mar 1902, p. 11 (BCU Cluj Digital Library) · Avnei Tzedek (Lemberg 1885), a copy with Freund signatures, as photographed in a Jerusalem book dealer’s sale 262, lot 283 (the dealer’s attribution, unverified)
- Cemeteries — Beth Moses Cemetery interment records (Wellwood) · Satu Mare Orthodox cemetery register · family photographs of the Beth Moses and Bnei Brak stones
- Photographs of places — Fortepan (CC BY-SA 3.0) and Wikimedia Commons (licences given with each picture)